Togo, officially Togolese Republic, Republic, western Africa. Area: 21,853 sq mi (56,600 sq km). Population: (2025 est.) 8,588,000. Capital: Lomé. It has some 30 ethnic groups; the Ewe is the largest. Languages: French (official), Ewe, other indigenous languages. Religions: Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic), traditional beliefs, Islam. Currency: CFA franc. Togo occupies a strip of land about 70 mi (115 km) wide that extends about 320 mi (515 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. Regions include a swampy coastal plain, a northern savanna, and a central mountain range. The economy is based largely on agriculture. Chief crops are cassava (manioc), yams, corn (maize), cotton, coffee, and cacao. It is one of the world’s leading producers of phosphates; food products, beverages, and cement are also important. Togo is a multiparty republic with two legislative houses; its head of state is the president of the republic and the head of government is the president of the council. Until 1884 what is now Togo was an intermediate zone between the states of Asante and Dahomey, and its various ethnic groups lived in general isolation from each other. In 1884 it became part of the Togoland German protectorate, which was occupied by British and French forces in 1914. In 1922 the League of Nations assigned eastern Togoland to France and the western portion to Britain. In 1946 the British and French governments placed the territories under UN trusteeship. Ten years later British Togoland was incorporated into the Gold Coast, and French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union. Togo gained independence in 1960. The constitution was suspended after a 1967 military coup and Togo was a one-party state until a constitution providing for multiparty government was approved in 1992. A new constitution, promulgated in 2024 and implemented over the next year, changed the system of government from presidential to parliamentary.
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