Western colonialism

Table of Contents

Introduction
European expansion before 1763
- Antecedents of European expansion
  - Early European trade with Asia
  - Technological improvements
- The first European empires (16th century)
  - Portugal’s seaborne empire
  - Spain’s American empire
    - The conquests
    - Spanish colonial policies
  - Effects of the discoveries and empires
    - Europe’s shift to the Atlantic
    - Changes in Europe
- Colonies from northern Europe and mercantilism (17th century)
  - The Dutch
    - Eastern pursuits
    - Western pursuits
  - The French
    - Early settlements in the New World
    - Activities in India
    - Colonization of New France
  - The English
    - English ascendancy in India
    - England’s American colonies
  - Mercantilism
    - The Spanish fleet system
    - French mercantilist activities
    - The English navigation acts
- The old colonial system and the competition for empire (18th century)
  - Slave trade
  - Colonial wars of the first half of the 18th century
    - King William’s War (War of the League of Augsburg)
    - Queen Anne’s War (War of the Spanish Succession)
    - King George’s War (War of the Austrian Succession)
  - The French and Indian War (the Seven Years’ War)
European expansion since 1763
- European colonial activity (1763–c. 1875)
  - The second British Empire
    - Loss of the American colonies
    - Conquest of India
    - Global expansion
    - Policy changes
    - Involvement in Africa
    - The growth of informal empire
    - Anticolonial sentiment
  - Decline of colonial rivalry
  - Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires
  - The emigration of European peoples
  - Advance of the U.S. frontier
- The new imperialism (c. 1875–1914)
  - Reemergence of colonial rivalries
    - New acquisitions
    - New colonial powers
    - Rise of new industrialized nations
    - A world economy
    - New militarism
  - Historiographical debate
    - Economic imperialism
    - Noneconomic imperialism
    - Quest for a general theory of imperialism
- Penetration of the West in Asia and Africa
  - Russia’s eastward expansion
  - The partitioning of China
    - The Opium Wars
    - Foreign privileges in China
    - The Open Door Policy
  - Japan’s rise as a colonial power
  - Partition of Africa
    - The Europeans in North Africa
    - The race for colonies in sub-Saharan Africa
- World War I and the interwar period (1914–39)
  - Postwar redistribution of colonies
  - The British Empire
    - Middle East
    - India
    - Africa
  - Overseas France
  - Axis Powers
  - The United States and the Soviet Union
- World War II (1939–45)
  - Asia
  - Middle East
  - Africa
- Decolonization from 1945
  - British decolonization, 1945–56
  - Wars in overseas France, 1945–56
  - The Sinai-Suez campaign (October–November 1956)
  - Algeria and French decolonization, from 1956
  - British decolonization after 1956
  - Dutch, Belgian, and Portuguese decolonization
  - Conclusion

References & Edit History Related Topics

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Images

American colonies

American colonies

North America during the colonial period.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski

Peter the Hermit

Peter the Hermit

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The British Library (Public Domain)

Colonial Southern Africa, 1884–1905

Colonial Southern Africa, 1884–1905

European penetration into Southern Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

eastern Africa partitioned, c. 1914

eastern Africa partitioned, c. 1914

Eastern Africa as partitioned by the imperial powers, c. 1914.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Colonial exploration routes in Canada

Colonial exploration routes in Canada

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Colonial exploration routes within the United States

Colonial exploration routes within the United States

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

English colonies in 17th-century North America

English colonies in 17th-century North America

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The division of Gran Colombia (1830)

The division of Gran Colombia (1830)

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780

Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

India, 1797–1805

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India: reorganization of states and union territories since independence

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Hernán Cortés's invasion of Mexico

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© Photos.com/Jupiterimages

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