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People wearing surgical masks (also called face mask or medical masks or safety masks) walk through the city center of Milan, Italy on Feb. 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic

How Do Face Masks Control the Spread of Disease?

Scanning electron micrograph showing the spiral-shaped bacteria of the genus Leptospira. These organisms cause leptospirosis.

8 Zoonotic Diseases

Scan of human brain

What Are the Symptoms of a Stroke?

close up of 3d microscopic blue bacteria

What Was Life Like Before We Knew About Germs?

H1N1 influenza virus particles. Colorized transmission electron micrograph. Surface proteins on surface of the virus particles shown in black. Influenza flu

10 Ways of Looking at Cells

Discover

Ethel Rosenberg arrested in August 1950. Photograph dated Aug. 8, 1950. American civilians executed for espionage. Spies, communists, Julius Rosenberg

Spies Like Us: 10 Famous Names in the Espionage Game

Amendments 1-10 to the Constitution of the United States constitute what is known as the Bill of Rights on an American flag.

What Is the Emoluments Clause?

Berries and leaves of the bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) plant. Poisonous plant

7 of the World’s Deadliest Plants

Drinking water is poured into a glass.

Water Fluoridation: Just the Facts

Happy, smiling, flying pig

7 Everyday English Idioms and Where They Come From

Aspirin pills.

7 Drugs that Changed the World

Figure 13: A Maxim machine gun, belt-fed and water-cooled, operated by German infantrymen, World War I.

7 Deadliest Weapons in History

mosaic: Related Content

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Topics

wildfire plant disease psorosis curly top wilt Dutch elm disease rot rice bacterial blight ergot coffee rust late blight chestnut blight

Key People

Dmitry Ivanovsky

Russian microbiologist