International Cosmetics Animal Testing Bans

in Animal Testing

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of ProCon

Last Updated: May 9, 2025 • Article History

Please note that while these laws and policies are referred to as “bans,” exceptions likely exist.


Jurisdiction	Year of Ban	Highlights

Australia	2020	Australia banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2020. [170]
Austria	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Austria in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Brazil	2023	Brazil banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2023. [172]
Belgium	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Belgium in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Bulgaria	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Bulgaria in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Canada	2023	Canada banned both animal testing for cosmetics and the import of cosmetics tested on animals in 2023. [166][167]
Chile	2025	Chile banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2025. [175]
Colombia	2020	Colombia banned animal testing for cosmetics as well as the import, export, and marketing of cosmetics that have been tested on animals in 2020. [174]
Croatia	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Croatia in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Cyprus	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Cyprus in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Czech Republic	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in the Czech Republic in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Denmark	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Denmark in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Estonia	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Estonia in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
European Union	2004	The EU banned animal testing on finished cosmetic products in 2004. In 2009, the EU banned animal testing on ingredients for cosmetics, as well as the marketing of any cosmetics tested on animals. However, per the REACH regulation, companies can apply for a license to test cosmetic ingredients on animals if the ingredients in large quantities may cause harm to employees or the environment. [157][158]
Finland	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Finland in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
France	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in France in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Germany	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Germany in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Greece	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Greece in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Guatemala	2017	Guatemala banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2017. [171]
Hungary	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Hungary in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
India	2014	India banned both animal testing for cosmetics and the import of cosmetics tested on animals in 2014. [161][160]
Ireland	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Ireland in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Israel	2007	Israel banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2007. In 2013, the country banned the import of cosmetics tested on animals. [159]
Italy	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Italy in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Latvia	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Latvia in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Lithuania	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Lithuania in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Luxembourg	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Luxembourg in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Malta	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Malta in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Mexico	2021	Mexico banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2021. [173]
Netherlands	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in the Netherlands in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
New Zealand	2015	Though no cosmetics animal testing had ever been performed in New Zealand, the country banned the practice in 2015. [162][163]
Poland	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Poland in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Portugal	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Portugal in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Romania	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Romania in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Slovakia	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Slovakia in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Slovenia	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Slovenia in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
South Korea	2016	South Korea banned the distribution and sale of cosmetics tested on animals in 2016. [164]
Spain	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Spain in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Sweden	2004	Cosmetics animal testing is banned in Sweden in accordance with the country’s membership in the European Union. [157][158]
Switzerland		Cosmetics animal testing is de facto banned in Switzerland. According to the Federal Council, “Animal testing may only be conducted in Switzerland when absolutely necessary. Harmful animal testing must therefore be limited to the absolute minimum. Animal testing for cosmetic products does not meet the applicable requirements. Therefore, animal testing for cosmetic products is no longer permitted in Switzerland, even if there is no explicit ban. [169]
Taiwan	2016	Taiwan banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2016. [165]
Turkey	2016	Turkey banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2016. [168]
United Kingdom	1998	The U.K. originally banned animal testing for cosmetics in 1998 (the first country to do so). However, after Brexit in 2016, the UK reverted to European Union (EU) rules related to animal testing in 2019, which required some animal testing for cosmetics if there were no alternatives, especially where employee safety was concerned. In those cases, a license for animal testing was issued to the company by the government. In 2024, the UK announced that no new licenses would be issued and legacy licenses would be reviewed. [156]

Assessment Quiz

After reading the above debate, take our assessment quiz to test your knowledge of this issue. Good luck!

1-minute Survey

After reading this debate, take our quick survey to see how this information affected your opinion of this topic. We appreciate your feedback.

Discussion Questions

Should animals be used to test new drugs? Why or why not?
Should animals be used to test cosmetics? Why or why not?
Research alternatives to animal testing for drugs and cosmetics. Which, if any, do you think are the best? The worst? Explain your answers.

Take Action

Consider Stanford Medicine’s defense of animal testing.
Analyze the FDA’s statement on using animals to test cosmetics.
Explore Cruelty Free International, an organization against animal testing.
Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. After reading the pros and cons on this topic, has your thinking changed? If so, how? List two to three ways. If your thoughts have not changed, list two to three ways your better understanding of the “other side of the issue” now helps you better argue your position.
Push for the position and policies you support by writing U.S. senators and representatives.

Sources

The Hastings Center, "Fact Sheet: Animals Used in Research in the U.S.," animalresearch.thehastingscenter.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Speaking of Research, "U.S. Statistics," speakingofresearch.com (accessed October 15, 2013)
Animal Welfare Act, gpo.gov, last amended June 18, 2008
The Jane Goodall Institute of Canada, "Conservation & Threats," janegoodall.ca (accessed October 15, 2013)
Science Museum (UK), "Thalidomide," sciencemuseum.org.uk (accessed October 17, 2013)
U.S. Department of Defense, "Animal Care and Use Programs for Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007," dtic.mil (accessed October 15, 2013)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), "A Brief History of Animals in Space," history.nasa.gov (accessed October 17, 2013)
Chicago Tribune, "Nasa Loading More Than 2,000 Animals into Shuttle," chicagotribune.com, April 15, 1998
California Biomedical Research Association, "CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?," ca-biomed.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
AnimalResearch.info, "Diseases & Research," animalresearch.info (accessed October 15, 2013)
Elizabeth Fisher, "Why We Should Accept Animal Testing," huffingtonpost.co.uk, July 17, 2013
Speaking of Research, "Alternatives?," speakingofresearch.com (accessed October 15, 2013)
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, "Animal Research FAQ," aalas.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Associated Press, "Texas Research Chimps Face Retirement, Relocation," khou.com, July 22, 2013
Kara Rogers, "Scientific Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Progress Report," britannica.com, September 17, 2007
Jonathan Smith, "Can Biotechnology Reduce Animal Testing in Medicine?,” labiotech.eu, April 8, 2019
Understanding Animal Research, "Myths and Facts," understandinganimalresearch.org.uk (accessed October 15, 2013)
David Wright, Cole Kazdin, and Lauren Effron, "’Zoobiquity’: 7 Diseases Animals Share with Humans," abcnews.go.com, June 12, 2012
Speaking of Research, "Animal Research Is Not ’Animal Testing,’" speakingofresearch.com, January 17, 2013
U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), "Laws Related to the Protection of Human Subjects: World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki," history.nih.gov (accessed October 15, 2013)
California Veterinary Medical Association, "Animal Research: How It Benefits Both Humans and Animals," cvma.net (accessed October 15, 2013)
Peter Beaumont, "Australia’s Koala Crisis: Gene Sequencing Provides Hope against Killer Diseases," theguardian.com, April 20, 2013
American Veterinary Medical Association, "Use of Animals in Research, Testing, and Education," avma.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Christian E. Newcomer, email to ProCon.org, October 11, 2013
Americans for Medical Progress, "Animal Research FAQs: The Top 10 Questions," amprogress.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), "Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year: 2010," aphis.usda.gov, July 27, 2011
Rutgers University Laboratory Animal Services, "II. Federal, State And University Laws, Regulations, Guidelines And Policies," las.rutgers.edu (accessed October 15, 2013)
Charlotte Hu, "Of Mice and Model Organisms,” cshl.edu, July 31, 2019
George Dvorsky, "Do These Startling Longevity Studies Mean Your Lifespan Could Double?," io9.com, April 30, 2013
Science Daily, "Naked Mole Rat’s Secret to Staying Cancer Free," sciencedaily.com, July 31, 2013
Nature Genetics, "Editorial: Animal Research and the Search for Understanding," nature.com, 2006
Americans for Medical Progress, "Touring an Animal Research Facility," youtube.com, October 21, 2008
Tibor R. Machan, "Animals Do Not Have Rights," nytimes.com, April 5, 2012
A. Barton Hinkle, "Do Animals Have Rights?," reason.com, September 23, 2011
Daniel Cressey, "Animal Research: Battle Scars," nature.com, February 23, 2011
American Physiological Society, "Animal Research," the-aps.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
National Association for Biomedical Research, "Mission Statement," nabr.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
American Heart Association, "Public Policy Agenda 2010-14," heart.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Society of Toxicology, "Animals in Research Public Policy Statement," toxicology.org, March 1999
American Cancer Society, "Did You Know...," main.acsevents.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, "Nonprofits: Endorse the Campaign," safecosmetics.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Animal Testing and Cosmetics," fda.gov, April 5, 2006
Bloomberg News, "China Animal Testing Complicates L’Oreal’s Expansion," bloomberg.com, August 22, 2013
SC Johnson, "SC Johnson Point of View on Animal Testing," scjohnson.com, October 23, 2019
King James Bible, "Genesis 1:26," kingjamesbibleonline.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), "Animal Ethics," bbc.co.uk (accessed October 15, 2013)
Humane Society International, "About Animal Testing," hsi.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Scientific American, "Do Cosmetic Companies Still Test on Live Animals?," scientificamerican.com (accessed October 15, 2013)
Rodrigo Netto Costa, et al., "A Reassessment of the in Vitro Total Protein Content Determination (TPC) with SIRC and 3T3 Cells for the Evaluation of the Ocular Irritation Potential of Shampoos: Comparison with the in Vivo Draize Rabbit Test," Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, November-December 2011
Geoff Watts, "Alternatives to Animal Experimentation," British Medical Journal, January 27, 2007
Axonn News Agency, "Greiner Bio-One Launches Artificial Skin to Replace Animal Testing," zenopa.com, July 15, 2013
New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), "Biomedical Research," neavs.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Humane Society International, "As Home Office Statistics Show UK Animal Experiments At Shocking 4.11Million, HSI Calls on Government to Increase Spend on Non-Animal Replacement Techniques," hsi.org, July 16, 2013
Jeffrey M. Perkel, "Life Science Technologies: Animal-Free Toxicology: Sometimes, in Vitro is Better," sciencemag.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), "Vioxx Tragedy Spotlights Failure of Animal Research," pcrm.org, March 2005
NBC News, "Report: Vioxx Linked to Thousands of Deaths," nbcnews.com, October 6, 2004
Understanding Animal Research, "Nine Out of Ten Statistics Are Taken Out of Context," understandinganimalresearch.org.uk, January 23, 2013
Aysha Akhtar, "Want to Improve Medical Research? Cut Out the Animals!," huffingtonpost.com, July 11, 2013
Junhee Seok, et al., "Genomic Responses in Mouse Models Poorly Mimic Human Inflammatory Diseases," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), February 11, 2013
Marcel Leist and Thomas Hartung, "Inflammatory Findings on Species Extrapolations: Humans Are Definitely No 70-kg Mice," Archives of Toxicology, 2013
Humane Society International, "Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing," hsi.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
Kathleen Conlee, "Animal Testing Not Effective," live.huffingtonpost.com, July 12, 2013
U.S. National Institutes of Health, "NIH Budget," nih.gov (accessed October 15, 2013)
Carol Kilkenny, et al., "Survey of the Quality of Experimental Design, Statistical Analysis and Reporting of Research Using Animals," PLOS One, 2009
Humane Society of the United States, "Questions and Answers about Biomedical Research," humanesociety.org, September 16, 2013
Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 2009
Richard Dawkins, "But Can They Suffer," richarddawkins.net, June 29, 2011
Humane Society of the United States, "Undercover Investigation Reveals Cruelty to Chimps at Research Lab," humanesociety.org, March 4, 2009
Marjie Lundstrom, "UC Davis Researcher Suspended over Animal Care Allegations," Sacramento Bee website, October 7, 2012
King James Bible, "Proverbs 12:10," kingjamesbibleonline.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition, 2011
National Association for Biomedical Research, "Species in Research," nabr.org (accessed October 15, 2013)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Small Business Assistance: Frequently Asked Questions on Drug Development and Investigational New Drug Applications," fda.gov (accessed October 15, 2013)
Benjamin Adams and Jean Larson, "Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act," nal.usda.gov (accessed October 17, 2013)
Daniel Engber, "Where’s Pepper?," slate.com, June 1, 2009
Frank Newport and Igor Himelfarb, "In U.S., Record-High Say Gay, Lesbian Relations Morally OK," gallup.com, May 20, 2013
Joy Wilke and Lydia Saad, "Older Americans’ Moral Attitudes Changing," gallup.com, June 3, 2013
Lake Research Partners, "Ending Cosmetics Testing on Animals in the United States: Findings from a Nationwide Survey of 802 Registered Voters, Including 206 Via Cell Phone," humanesociety.org, 2013
Richard R. Sharp, "Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research," hhs.gov (accessed October 15, 2013)
Anita Guerrini, Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights, 2003
U.S. National Institutes of Health, "Greek Medicine: Galen," nlm.nih.gov, February 7, 2012
Rachel Hajar, "Animal Testing and Medicine," Heart Views, January-March 2011
Anita Guerrini, "The Rhetorics of Animal Rights," Applied Ethics in Animal Research: Philosophy, Regulation, and Laboratory Applications, Ed. John P. Gluck et al., 2002
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), "William Harvey (1578 - 1657)," bbc.co.uk (accessed October 15, 2013)
Domenico Ribatti, "William Harvey and the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood," Journal of Angiogenesis Research, September 21, 2009
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, 1927
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Records of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection," nationalarchives.gov.uk (accessed October 15, 2013)
Sir Rickman John Godlee, Lord Lister, 1918
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), "The Challenge of Animal Research," nc3rs.org.uk (accessed October 15, 2013)
Darian M. Ibrahim, "Reduce, Refine, Replace: The Failure of the Three R’s and the Future of Animal Experimentation," Social Science Research Network website, March 4, 2006
Joanne Zurlo, Deborah Rudacille, and Alan M. Goldberg, "The Three R’s: The Way Forward," Environmental Health Perspectives, August 1996
David Whitehouse, "First Dog in Space Died within Hours," news.bbc.co.uk, October 28, 2002
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), "Military Avoids Timeline to Modernize Combat Trauma Training," pcrm.org (accessed October 16, 2013)
Ernesto Londoño, "Military Is Required to Justify Using Animals in Medic Training after Pressure from Activists," washingtonpost.com, February 24, 2013
Mike M. Ahlers, "Coast Guard Reexamines Use of Live Goats as Battle ’Patients,’" cnn.com, May 3, 2013
Daniel Engber, "Me and My Monkey," slate.com, June 5, 2009
Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Debate over Whether to Defend Animal Tests," nytimes.com, July 23, 2002
James Kanter, "E.U. Bans Cosmetics with Animal-Tested Ingredients," nytimes.com, March 11, 2013
Alicia Graef, "Victory! India Bans Animal Testing for Cosmetics," care2.com, July 2, 2013
James Gorman, "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps," nytimes.com, June 26, 2013
Nobel Media, "The Discovery of Insulin," nobelprize.org (accessed October 16, 2013)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year,” aphis.usda.gov, January 7, 2020
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ahimsa," britannica.com (accessed October 16, 2013)
National Academy of Sciences, "Report Calls for New Directions, Innovative Approaches in Testing Chemicals for Toxicity to Humans," nationalacademies.org, June 12, 2007
Aysha Akhtar, Animals and Public Health: Why Treating Animals Better Is Critical to Human Welfare, 2012
Arthur Allen, "Of Mice or Men: The Problems with Animal Testing," slate.com, June 1, 2006
Aysha Akhtar, email to ProCon.org, October 14, 2013
Karl S. Kruszelnicki, "Mouse with Human Ear," abc.net.au, June 2, 2006
Ray Greek, et al., "The History and Implications of Testing Thalidomide on Animals," Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law, October 3, 2011
John J. Pippin and Kristie Sullivan, "Dangerous Medicine: Examples of Animal-Based ’Safety’ Tests Gone Wrong," Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine website (accessed October 23, 2013)
Pro-Test, "Frequently Asked Questions," pro-test.org.uk (accessed October 23, 2013)
World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis," who.int, April 2013
Pamela Bass, email to ProCon.org, October 21, 2013
Julie Naughton, "China’s FDA Adjusts Mandatory Animal Testing," Women’s Wear Daily, November 7, 2013
Tom Holder, "Animal Research Is an Ethical and Vital Tool to Fight Disease," blogs.law.harvard.edu, January 14, 2013
Mike Wall, "U.S. Was First to Send Monkey to Space in 1948," nbcnews.com, January 28, 2013
National Institutes of Health, "NIH Will No Longer Support Biomedical Research on Chimpanzees," nih.gov, November 18, 2015
Global Polio Eradication Initiative, "Polio This Week," polioeradication.org (accessed September 22, 2017)
Julie Steenhuysen, "As Pressure for Coronavirus Vaccine Mounts, Scientists Debate Risks of Accelerated Testing,” reuters.com, March 11, 2020
Carly Funk and Lee Rainie, "Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society," pewinternet.org, January 29, 2015
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), "Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year: 2016," aphis.usda.gov, June 27, 2017
United States Department of Agriculture, In Re: SNBL USA, LTD: AWA Docket 16-0187, September 26, 2016
Alice Klein, "Chlamydia Vaccine for Koalas Slows Spread of Deadly Disease," newscientist.com, April 21, 2017
John Ericson, "Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing," newsweek.com, March 18, 2014
Jeff Flake, "Wastebook: Porkemon Go," flake.senate.gov, January 2017
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), "Tell Congress: Cut Funding for Cruel Experiments on Animals," support.peta.org (accessed October 18, 2017)
Emily Trunnell, "The University of Pittsburgh Is Using Taxpayer Dollars to Conduct Cruel and Unnecessary Animal Experiments," alternet.org, September 7, 2017
Stacy L. Pritt and Robert E. Hammer, "The Interplay of Ethics, Animal Welfare, and IACUC Oversight on the Reproducibility of Animal Studies," Comparative Medicine, April 2017
New Internationalist, "Is Animal Testing Necessary to Advance Medical Research?" newint.org, June 1, 2011
Humane Research Australia (HRA), "Medical Research," humaneresearch.org.au, January 2006
Mihir Zaveri, Mariel Padilla, and Jaclyn Peiser, "E.P.A. Says It Will Drastically Reduce Animal Testing," nytimes.com, September 10, 2019
Frontiers, "Algorithm for Large-scale Brain Simulations,” sciencedaily.com, March 5, 2018
Bruce Einhorn, "A Virus Cure Depends on Rare Lab Mice, But There Aren’t Enough,” bloomberg.com, March 11, 2020
Mihir Zaveri, Mariel Padilla, and Jaclyn Peiser, "E.P.A. Says It Will Drastically Reduce Animal Testing,” nytimes.com, September 10, 2019
The Humane Society of the United States, "Animals Used in Biomedical Research FAQ,” humanesociety.org (accessed March 17, 2020)
Perfect365, Inc., "New Survey from Perfect365 Reveals 36 percent of Women Prefer to Purchase Cruelty-Free Beauty," businesswire.com, March 29, 2018
Market Research Future, "Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Market Research Report - Global Forecast till 2024,” marketresearchfuture.com, March 2020
European Commission, “Ban on Animal Testing,” ec.europa.eu (accessed March 17, 2020)
Nicole Pallotta, "California Bans the Sale of Most Cosmetics Tested on Animals,” alder.org, October 15, 2018
Elizabeth Siegel, "Why Beauty Brands Still Test Their Products on Animals," allure.com, October 20, 2017
Rachel L. Roper; and Kristina E. Rehm, "SARS Vaccines: Where Are We?,” medscape.com, 2009
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, "Coronavirus Vaccine: NIH Isn’t Waiting for Pointless Animal Tests,” peta.org, March 16, 2020
Michelle Roberts, "Coronavirus: U.S. Volunteers Test First Vaccine,” bbc.com, March 17, 2020
Nicoletta Lanese, "Researchers Fast-Track Coronavirus Vaccine by Skipping Key Animal Testing First,” livescience.com, March 13, 2020
Eric Boodman, "Researchers Rush to Test Coronavirus Vaccine in People without Knowing How Well It Works in Animals,” statnews.com, March 11, 2020
Rachel Bucchino, "New FDA Policy Allows Lab Animals to Be Adopted after Experiments,” thehill.com, February 7, 2020
Moderna, "Moderna’s Work on a Potential Vaccine Against COVID-19,” modernatx.com (accessed March 18, 2020)
Sui-Lee Wee, "Future Vaccines Depend on Test Subjects in Short Supply: Monkeys," nytimes.com, February 23, 2021
Tom Branna, "China To End Animal Testing for Imported ’Ordinary’ Cosmetics," happi.com, March 5, 2021
Humane Society International, "Mexico Becomes First Country in North America to Outlaw Animal Testing for Cosmetics," hsi.org, September 2, 2021
Joe Hernandez, "The FDA No Longer Requires All Drugs to Be Tested on Animals before Human Trials," npr.org, January 12, 2023
U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Annual Report Summary,” aphis.usda.gov, October 28, 2024
Emily Anthes, “Lab Animals Face Being Euthanized as Trump Cuts Research” (April 29, 2025), nytimes.com
National Institutes of Health, “NIH to Prioritize Human-based Research Technologies” (April 29, 2025), nih.gov
National Institutes of Health, x.com (May 4, 2025)
EcoMundo, “Animal Testing Bans: The Fine Line Between Cosmetics and Chemical Regulations in Europe” (October 21, 2024), ecomundo.eu
European Commission, “Ban on Animal Testing” (accessed May 6, 2025), single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu
European Animal Research Association, “REACH Testing for Cosmetic Ingredients” (accessed May 6, 2025), eara.eu
Viva Sarah Press, “Israel Bans Import of Cosmetics Tested on Animals” (January 8, 2013), israel21c.org
Rupali Mukherjee, “Govt Bans Cosmetic Companies From Testing on Animals” (January 23, 2014), timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Vishwa Mohan, “India Bans Import of Cosmetics Tested on Animals” (October 14, 2014), timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Parliamentary Counsel Office New Zealand Legislation, “Animal Welfare Amendment Act (No 2) 2015” (accessed May 7, 2025), legislation.govt.nz
Library of Congress, “New Zealand: Animal Welfare Legislation Recognizes Animals as Sentient, Bans Cosmetic Testing” (May 19, 2015), loc.gov
Korea Legislation Research Institute, “Article 15-2 (Prohibition of Distribution or Sale of Animal-Tested Cosmetics)” (accessed May 7, 2025), elaw.klri.re.kr
UL Solutions, “Taiwan Bans Animal Testing in Cosmetics Products” (November 7, 2016), ul.com
Health Canada, “Health Canada Announces the End of Cosmetic Animal Testing in Canada” (June 27, 2023), canada.ca
Government of Canada, “Animal Testing Bans on Cosmetics” (accessed May 8, 2025), canada.ca
Baker McKenzie, “Turkey Restricts Animal Testing for Cosmetics” (January 12, 2016), lexology.com
Maya Graf, “Ban on Animal Testing for Cosmetics, Cleaning and Household Products” (December 18, 2015), parlament.ch
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, “Use of Animal Test Data” (March 21, 2025), industrialchemicals.gov.au
Diario de Centro America, “Congreso de la República de Guatemala Decreto Número 5-2017” (April 3, 2017), gongreso.gob.gt
Global Crossings, “Concea’s Resolution N. 58.2023 and the End of Animal Experimentation for Cosmetics” (accessed May 8, 2025), globalcrossings.com
Jenna Romaine, “Mexico Becomes First North American Country to Ban Animal Testing for Cosmetics” (September 8, 2021), thehill.com
Loren Moss, “Colombian Government Steps Up Enforcement of Ban on Animal Testing for Cosmetics” (October 10, 2024), financecolombia.com
GPC, “Chile Prohibits Animal Testing for Cosmetics” (January 29, 2025), gpcgateway.com
National Association for Biomedical Research, nabr.org (accessed May 10, 2023)
Mihir Zaveri, Mariel Padilla and Jaclyn Peiser, “E.P.A. Says It Will Drastically Reduce Animal Testing,” nytimes.com, September 10, 2019
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Research Facility Annual Usage Summary Report” (October 28, 2024), aphis.usda.gov
PETA, “Victory! President Signs Groundbreaking FDA Modernization Act 2.0,” peta.org, December 27, 2022
Andrew Wheeler, “Directive to Prioritize Efforts to Reduce Animal Testing,” fda.gov, September 10, 2019