The Web & Communication, OPT-PUB
The development of the World Wide Web had a massive impact on the ways in which people interact and communicate, ultimately paving the way for the heavily interconnected world that we live in today. Although Internet communication dominates in many spheres of life, other means of communication remain no less important.
The Web & Communication Encyclopedia Articles By Title
optical storage, electronic storage medium that uses low-power laser beams to record and retrieve digital (binary)......
Oracle, global corporation and brand that develops and markets software applications for business. The company......
Orange SA (formerly France Télécom) is a Paris-based telecommunications company that held a monopoly in France’s......
Abraham Ortelius was a Flemish cartographer and dealer in maps, books, and antiquities, who published the first......
oscillator, any of various electronic devices that produce alternating electric current, commonly employing tuned......
Harrison Gray Otis was an American newspaper publisher who directed the Los Angeles Times from 1886 until after......
Anna Sartorius Uhl Ottendorfer was a publisher and philanthropist who helped establish a major German-American......
William Oughtred was an English mathematician and Anglican minister who invented the earliest form of the slide......
Yambo Ouologuem was a Malian writer who was highly acclaimed for his first novel, Le Devoir de violence (1968;......
Conor Cruise O’Brien was an Irish diplomat, politician, educator, and journalist who was one of Ireland’s most......
P2P, type of computer network often used for the distribution of digital media files. In a peer-to-peer (P2P) network,......
packet-switched network, digital network that transfers data files by breaking them up into smaller units (“packets”)......
Clarence Page is an American newspaper columnist and television commentator specializing in urban affairs. While......
Larry Page is an American computer scientist and entrepreneur who, with Sergey Brin, created the online search......
Walter Hines Page was a journalist, book publisher, author, and diplomat who, as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain......
William S. Paley was an American broadcaster who personified the power and influence of Columbia Broadcasting System......
Pali Text Society, organization founded with the intention of editing and publishing the texts of the Theravāda......
palimpsest, manuscript in roll or codex form carrying a text erased, or partly erased, underneath an apparent additional......
Palm OS, a proprietary operating system used in the late 20th and early 21st centuries for personal computing devices,......
pamphlet, brief booklet; in the UNESCO definition, it is an unbound publication that is not a periodical and contains......
paparazzi, freelance photographers who specialize in capturing candid photos of celebrities for media outlets.......
Sean Parker is an American entrepreneur who cofounded the file-sharing service Napster in 1999 and was the first......
Frank Kobina Parkes was a Ghanaian journalist, broadcaster, and poet whose style and great confidence in the future......
Pascal, a computer programming language developed about 1970 by Niklaus Wirth of Switzerland to teach structured......
Banjo Paterson was an Australian poet and journalist noted for his composition of the internationally famous song......
Alicia Patterson was an American journalist who was cofounder and longtime publisher and editor of the Pulitzer......
Eleanor Medill Patterson was the flamboyant editor and publisher of the Washington Times-Herald. Elinor Patterson......
Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, coeditor and publisher—with his cousin Robert Rutherford McCormick—of......
PayPal is an American e-commerce company formed in March 2000 that specializes in making money transfers over the......
PDA, an electronic handheld organizer used in the 1990s and 2000s to store contact information, manage calendars,......
PDF, universally readable format for electronic documents. PDF files (generally called PDFs) are widely used because......
Peabody Award, any of the awards administered annually by the University of Georgia’s Grady College of Journalism......
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was an American educator and participant in the Transcendentalist movement, who opened......
peer review, process whereby experts in a given field help judge the value of a relevant work or ideas that they......
Pegasus (spyware), spyware developed by Israeli cyber-intelligence firm NSO Group (founded in 2010) for eavesdropping......
pen, tool for writing or drawing with a coloured fluid such as ink. The earliest ancestor of the pen probably was......
pencil, slender rod of a solid marking substance, such as graphite, enclosed in a cylinder of wood, metal, or plastic;......
Penguin Random House, publishing house formed by the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013. It is one of the......
Penny Post, private postal service created by the London merchant William Dockwra in 1680. All letters and packets......
pentagram, a five-pointed star, usually drawn by using one continuous line of five straight segments. It has been......
Pentium, family of microprocessors developed by Intel Corp. Introduced in 1993 as the successor to Intel’s 80486......
perceptrons, a type of artificial neural network investigated by Frank Rosenblatt, beginning in 1957, at the Cornell......
peripheral device, any of various devices (including sensors) used to enter information and instructions into a......
Maxwell Perkins was an influential American editor who discovered many of the most prominent American writers of......
Perl, a cross-platform open-source computer programming language used widely in the commercial and private computing......
Perplexity AI is a conversational search engine that uses large language models (LLMs) to provide direct answers......
personal computer (PC), a digital computer designed for use by only one person at a time. A typical personal computer......
Ottaviano dei Petrucci was an Italian music printer whose collection of chansons, Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A......
Sándor Petőfi was one of the greatest Hungarian poets and a revolutionary who symbolized the Hungarian desire for......
phishing, act of sending e-mail that purports to be from a reputable source, such as the recipient’s bank or credit......
phonocardiography, diagnostic technique that creates a graphic record, or phonocardiogram, of the sounds and murmurs......
Phonofilm, system used in the 1920s to provide sound synchronized with motion pictures. A sound track was photographically......
phonograph, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove......
photoengraving, any of several processes for producing printing plates by photographic means. In general, a plate......
history of photography, method of recording the image of an object through the action of light, or related radiation,......
- Introduction
- Daguerreotype, Camera Obscura, Light Sensitivity
- Early Evolution, Daguerreotype, Film
- Stereoscopic, Daguerreotype, Calotype
- Early Color, Daguerreotypes, Calotypes
- Documentary, Art, Technology
- Artistic Expression, Camera Technology, Darkroom Techniques
- Developments, Art, Science
- Experimental, Artistic, Documentary
- Photojournalism, Documentary, Visual Storytelling
- Digital Revolution, Artistic Expression, Documentary Evidence
- Digital Age, Camera Technology, Artistic Expression
technology of photography, equipment, techniques, and processes used in the production of photographs. The most......
- Introduction
- 35mm Miniature Camera
- Focal Plane Shutter, Exposure Time, Light Sensitivity
- Viewfinders, Cameras, Lenses
- Flashbulbs, Cameras, Lighting
- Optics, Exposure, Film
- Black & White Films
- Filters, Exposure, Lighting
- Roll Film, Camera Types, Exposure
- Exposure Technique
- Black & White Processing, Printing, Developing
- Color, Film, Digital
- Colour Film Structure
- Colour Film Processing
- Instant, Film, Digital
- Special Photosensitive Systems
- Special Techniques, Applied Photography
- Close Range, Large Scale, Digital
- Ultraviolet, Film, Digital
- Photography Industry, Digital Imaging, Film
photomicrography, photography of objects under a microscope. Such opaque objects as metal and stone may be ground......
PHP, general-purpose programming language commonly used for web development. The language was created in 1994 and......
Sundar Pichai is an Indian-born American executive who was CEO of both Google, Inc. (2015– ), and its holding company,......
George Washington Pierce was an American inventor who was a pioneer in radiotelephony and a noted teacher of communication......
John Robinson Pierce was an American communications engineer, scientist, and father of the communications satellite.......
pinacotheca, a picture gallery in either ancient Greece or ancient Rome. The original pinacotheca, which housed......
John Pine was an English engraver who published a number of notable illustrated books. It is not known where Pine......
Pinterest is a social media platform on which users can “pin” photos and videos to virtual inspiration boards.......
The Pirate Bay, file-sharing Web site founded in 2003 by the Swedish anti-copyright group Piratbyrån (“Bureau of......
pirate radio, unlicensed radio broadcast intended for general public reception. While many pirate radio stations......
PKZip, data compression computer software, used for all types of digital files. In the 1980s the American software......
planography, any printing technique in which the printing and nonprinting areas of the plate are in a single plane,......
Christophe Plantin was a French printer, founder of an important printing house and publisher of the Antwerp Polyglot......
PLATO, computer-based education system created in 1960 by Donald L. Bitzer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign......
Playfair cipher, type of substitution cipher used for data encryption. In cryptosystems for manually encrypting......
John Playford was an English music publisher and bookseller whose popular and frequently expanded collection of......
PlayStation, video game console released in 1994 by Sony Computer Entertainment. The PlayStation, one of a new......
plug-in, computer software that adds new functions to a host program without altering the host program itself.......
Pony Express, system of U.S. mail delivery by continuous horse-and-rider relays between St. Joseph, Missouri, and......
Aleksandr Popov was a physicist and electrical engineer acclaimed in Russia as the inventor of radio. Evidently,......
postal codes, numeric or alphanumeric code, usually five or six characters, that identifies a geographic location......
postal system, the institution—almost invariably under the control of a government or quasi-government agency—that......
postcard, a card for transmitting a message that can be mailed without an envelope. The first government-issued......
poster, printed paper announcement or advertisement that is exhibited publicly. Whether promoting a product, an......
PostScript, a page-description language developed in the early 1980s by Adobe Systems Incorporated on the basis......
Anthony Powell was an English novelist, best known for his autobiographical and satiric 12-volume series of novels,......
Sir William Henry Preece was a Welsh electrical engineer who was a major figure in the development and introduction......
printer, electronic device that accepts text files or images from a computer and transfers them to a medium such......
printing, traditionally, a technique for applying under pressure a certain quantity of coloring agent onto a specified......
- Introduction
- Gutenberg, Moveable Type, Incunabula
- Gutenberg, Moveable Type, Revolution
- Gutenberg, Printing Press, Revolution
- Koenigs Press, 19th Century, Mechanical
- Typecasting, Compositors, 1880s
- Digital, Offset, Lithography
- Photocomposition, Typesetting, Digitalization
- Serigraphy, Collotype, Renaissance
- Digital, Offset, Lithography
- Mechanical Composition, Slugcasting, Typesetters
- Typesetting, Casting, Aligned
- Digital Typesetting, Fonts, Layout
- Phototypesetting, Typesetting, Technology
- Phototypesetting, Typesetting, Technology
- Electronic Phototypesetters
- Film Mounting, Composition, Publishing
- Cylinder Presses
- Preparing, Stereotypes, Plates
- Letterpress, Typesetting, Inks
- Offset, Lithography, Digital
- Offset Plate, Photographic, Processes
- Serigraphy, Screen, Artwork
- Inks, Processes, Types
printing press, machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper or other media by means......
product cipher, data encryption scheme in which the ciphertext produced by encrypting a plaintext document is subjected......
Project Gutenberg, a nonprofit organization (since 2000) that maintains an electronic library of public domain......
Project MAC, a collaborative computer endeavour in the 1960s that sought to to create a functional time-sharing......
projection screen, surface on which the image from an optical projector is shown. Many materials are suitable for......
projector, device for transferring photographic and other images in an enlarged form onto a viewing screen. All......
Frederic Prokosch was an American writer who became famous for his early novels and whose literary stature subsequently......
ProMED-mail, global Internet-driven reporting network used to warn of potential outbreaks of infectious disease......
prompt engineering, process of designing inputs for generative artificial intelligence (AI) models to deliver useful,......
proofreading, reading and marking corrections on a proof or other copy of the text of articles and books before......
proprietary software, software developed by an individual or company that chooses not to publicly share the program’s......
protocol, in computer science, a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices, such......
Stanisław Przybyszewski was a Polish essayist, playwright, and poet notable for espousing art as the creator of......
public-key cryptography, asymmetric form of cryptography in which the transmitter of a message and its recipient......
history of publishing, an account of the selection, preparation, and marketing of printed matter from its origins......
- Introduction
- Book Industry, Printing, Distribution
- Classical Antiquity, Scrolls, Manuscripts
- Early Christian Books
- Medieval, Manuscripts, Scriptoria
- Early Printing, Gutenberg, Incunabula
- Printing, Illustrations, History
- Printing, Distribution, Revolution
- Education, Literacy, Print
- Copyright Law, Intellectual Property, Authorship
- Book Clubs, Printing, Distribution
- Paperback Revolution, Mass Distribution, Digital Age
- Copyright, Licensing, Permissions
- Newspapers, Journalism, Printing
- Newspapers, Printing, Distribution
- Industrial Revolution, Printing Press, Literacy
- Newspaper Business, English-Speaking World
- Popular Press, Printing Revolution, Gutenberg
- Printing, Digital, Distribution
- Advertising, Print, Digital
- Magazines, Periodicals, Journalism
- 19th Century, Mass Circulation
- Women's Magazines, Print Media, Digital Media
- Scholarly Journals, Academic Presses, Journals
- Print, Digital, Europe
- Print, Digital, Time Magazine
- Specialized Magazines
- Scholarly, Cultural, Literary Magazines